Chuyên đề ôn tập Tiếng Anh cấp THCS - Comparisons

Nội dung tài liệu: Chuyên đề ôn tập Tiếng Anh cấp THCS - Comparisons

1. 3. COMPARISONS I. KIẾN THỨC CƠ BẢN 1. So sánh ngang bằng Cấu trúc sử dụng là as .... as S + V + as + {adj/ adv} + as + {noun/ pronoun} My book is as interesting as yours. John sings as well as his sister. His job is not as difficult as mine. They are as lucky as we. Nếu là câu phủ định, as thứ nhất có thể thay bằng so. He is not as tall as his father. He is not so tall as his father. Sau as phải là một đại từ nhân xưng chủ ngữ, không được là một đại từ tân ngữ. Peter is as tall as I. (ĐÚNG) Peter is as tall as me. (SAI) Danh từ cũng có thể được dùng để so sánh, nhưng nên nhớ trước khi so sánh phải đảm bảo rằng danh từ đó phải có các tính từ tương đương. Adjectives nouns heavy, light weight wide, narrow width deep, shallow depth long, short length big, small size Khi so sánh bằng danh từ, sử dụng cấu trúc sau: S + V + the same + (noun) + as + {noun/ pronoun} My house is as high as his. My house is the same height as his.
2. Chú ý rằng ngược nghĩa với the same...as là different from... Không bao giờ dùng different than. Sau đây là một số ví dụ khác về so sánh bằng danh từ. These trees are the same as those. He speaks the same language as she. Her address is the same as Rita’s. Their teacher is different from ours. She takes the same course as her husband. 2. So sánh hơn kém Trong loại so sánh này người ta chia làm hai dạng: tính từ và phó từ ngắn (chỉ có một hoặc hai âm tiết khi phát âm) và tính từ, phó từ dài (3 âm tiết trở lên). Khi so sánh không ngang bằng: • Đối với tính từ và phó từ ngắn chỉ cần cộng đuôi -er. (thick – thicker; cold-colder; quiet- quieter) • Đối với tính từ ngắn có một phụ âm tận cùng (trừ w,x,z) và trước đó là một nguyên âm, phải gấp đôi phụ âm cuối. (big-bigger; red-redder; hot-hotter) • Đối với tính từ, phó từ dài, thêm more hoặc less trước tính từ hoặc phó từ đó (more beautiful; more important; more believable). • Đối với tính từ tận cùng là phụ âm+y, phải đổi y thành -ier (happy-happier; dry-drier; pretty-prettier). • Đối với các tính từ có hậu tố -ed, -ful, -ing, -ish, -ous cũng biến đổi bằng cách thêm more • Trường hợp đặc biệt: strong-stronger; friendly-friendlier than = more friendly than. Chú ý: 1. Chỉ một số phó từ là có đuôi –er, bao gồm: faster, quicker, sooner, latter. 2. Nhớ dùng dạng thức chủ ngữ của đại từ sau than, không được dùng dạng tân ngữ. Ví dụ về so sánh không ngang bằng: John’s grades are higher than his sister’s. Today is hotter than yesterday. This chair is more comfortable than the other. He speaks Spanish more fluently than I. (không dùng than me) He visits his family less frequently than she does. This year’s exhibit is less impressive than last year’s. So sánh không ngang bằng có thể được nhấn mạnh bằng cách thêm much hoặc far trước cụm từ so sánh. A waterlemon is much sweeter than a a lemon. His car is far better than yours. Henry’s watch is far more expensive than mine. That movie we saw last night was much more interesting than the one on TV. She dances much more artistically than her predecessor. He speaks English much more rapidly than he does Spanish.
3. Danh từ cũng được dùng để diễn đạt phép so sánh ngang bằng hoặc hơn/kém. Chú ý dùng tính từ bổ nghĩa đúng với danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được. He earns as much money as his brother. They have as few classes as we. Before payday, I have as little money as my brother. I have more books than she. February has fewer days than March. Their job allows them less fredom than ours does. Khi so sánh một người/ một vật với tất cả những người hoặc vật khác phải thêm else sau anything/anybody... He is smarter than anybody else in the class. Lưu ý: • Đằng sau as và than của các mệnh đề so sánh có thể loại bỏ chủ ngữ nếu nó trùng hợp với chủ ngữ thứ nhất, đặc biệt là khi động từ sau than và as ở dạng bị động. Lúc này than và as còn có thêm chức năng của một đại từ quan hệ thay thế. Their marriage was as stormy as had been expected (Incorrect: as it had been expected). He worries more than was good for him. (Incorrect: than it/what was good for him). • Các tân ngữ cũng có thể bị loại bỏ sau các động từ ở mệnh đề sau THAN và AS: Don’t lose your passport, as I did last year. (Incorrect: as I did it last year). They sent more than I had ordered. (Incorrect: than I had ordered it). She gets her meat from the same butcher as I go to. (Incorrect: as I go to him). 3. Phép so sánh không hợp lý Khi dùng câu so sánh nên nhớ các đối tượng dùng để so sánh phải tương đương nhau: người với người, vật với vật. Các lỗi thường mắc phải khi sử dụng câu so sánh không hợp lý được chia làm 3 loại: sở hữu cách, that of và those of. 3.1 Sở hữu cách: Incorrect: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor. (Câu này so sánh các bức tranh với người chỉ dẫn) Correct: His drawings are as perfect as his instructor’s. (instructor's = instructor's drawings) 3.2 Dùng thêm that of cho danh từ số ít: Incorrect: The salary of a professor is higher than a secretary. (Câu này so sánh salary với secretary)
4. Correct: The salary of a professor is higher than that of a secretary. (that of = the salary of) 3.3 Dùng thêm those of cho các danh từ số nhiều: Incorrect: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than a teacher . (Câu này so sánh duties với teacher) Correct: The duties of a policeman are more dangerous than those of a teacher (those of = the duties of) 4. Các tính từ và phó từ đặc biệt Một số ít tính từ và phó từ có dạng thức so sánh đặc biệt. Chúng không theo các quy tắc nêu trên. Nghiên cứu bảng sau: Tính từ hoặc trạng So sánh hơn kém So sánh nhất từ far Farther/further farthest /furthest Little/few less least Much/many more most Good/well better best bad /badly worse worst I feel much better today than I did last week. He has less time now than he had before. This magainze is better than that one. He acts worse now than ever before. Lưu ý: farther dùng cho khoảng cách; further dùng cho thông tin hoặc các trường hợp trừu tượng khác. The distance from your house to school is farther than that of mine. If you want further information, please call to the agent. Next year he will come to the U.S for his further education. 5. So sánh bội số So sánh bội số là so sánh: bằng nửa (half), gấp đôi (twice), gấp ba (three times),... Không được sử dụng so sánh hơn kém mà sử dụng so sánh bằng, khi so sánh phải xác định danh từ là đếm được hay không đếm được, vì đằng trước chúng có many/much This encyclopedy costs twice as much as the other one. Jerome has half as many records now as I had last year. At the clambake last week, Fred ate three times as many oysters as Bob.
5. Các lối nói: twice that many/twice that much = gấp đôi ngần ấy... chỉ được dùng trong khẩu ngữ, không được dùng trong văn viết. We have expected 80 people at that rally, but twice that many showned up. (twice as many as that number). 6. So sánh kép Là loại so sánh với cấu trúc: Càng... càng... Các Adj/Adv so sánh phải đứng ở đầu câu, trước chúng phải có The. Dùng một trong hai mẫu câu sau đây để so sánh kép: The + comparative + S + V + the + comparative + S + V The hotter it is, the more miserable I feel. (Trời càng nóng, tôi càng thấy khó chịu) The sooner you take your medicince, the better you will feel. (Anh càng uống thuốc sớm bao nhiêu, anh càng cảm thấy dễ chịu bấy nhiêu) The bigger they are, the faster they fall. (Chúng càng to bao nhiêu thì càng rơi nhanh bấy nhiêu) The more + S + V + the + comparative + S + V The more you study, the smarter you will become. (Càng học, anh càng thông minh hơn) The more I look into your eyes, the more I love you. (Càng nhìn vào mắt em, anh càng yêu em hơn) Sau The more ở vế thứ nhất có thể thêm that nhưng không mẫu câu này không phổ biến. The more (that) you study, the smarter you will become. Trong trường hợp nếu cả hai vế đều có chủ ngữ giả it is thì có thể bỏ chúng đi The shorter (it is), the better (it is). Hoặc nếu cả hai vế đều dùng to be thì bỏ đi The closer to the Earth’s pole (is), the greater the gravitational force (is). Các cách nói: all the better (càng tốt hơn), all the more (càng... hơn), not... any the more... (chẳng... hơn... tí nào), none the more... (chẳng chút nào) dùng để nhấn mạnh cho các tính từ hoặc phó từ được đem ra so sánh. Nó chỉ được dùng với các tính từ trừu tượng và dùng trong văn nói: Sunday mornings were nice. I enjoyed them all the more because Sue used to come round to breakfast. He didn’t seem to be any the worse for his experience. He explained it all carefully, but I was still none the wiser. Cấu trúc này không dùng cho các tính từ cụ thể: Those pills have made him all the slimmer. (SAI)
6. 7. Cấu trúc No sooner... than (Vừa mới ... thì đã...) Chỉ dùng cho thời quá khứ và thời hiện tại, không dùng cho thời tương lai. No sooner đứng ở đầu một mệnh đề, theo sau nó là một trợ động từ đảo lên trước chủ ngữ để nhấn mạnh, than đứng ở đầu mệnh đề còn lại: No sooner + auxiliary + S + V + than + S + V No sooner had we started out for California than it started to rain. Một ví dụ ở thời hiện tại (will được lấy sang dùng cho hiện tại) No sooner will he arrive than he will want to leave. Lưu ý: No longer có nghĩa là not anymore. Không dùng cấu trúc not longer cho các câu có ý nghĩa không còn ... nữa. He no longer studies at the university. (He does not study at the university anymore.) S + no longer + Positive Verb 8. So sánh hơn kém không dùng than (giữa 2 đối tượng) Khi so sánh hơn kém giữa 2 người hoặc 2 vật mà không dùng than, muốn nói đối tượng nào đó là tốt hơn, giỏi hơn, đẹp hơn,... thì trước adj và adv so sánh phải có the. Chú ý phân biệt trường hợp này với trường hợp so sánh bậc nhất dưới đây (khi có 3 đối tượng trở lên). Trong câu thường có cụm từ of the two + noun, nó có thể đứng đầu hoặc cuối câu. Harvey is the smarter of the two boys. Of the two shirts, this one is the prettier. Pealse give me the smaller of the two cakes. Of the two books, this one is the more interesting. 9. So sánh bậc nhất . Để biến tính từ và phó từ thành dạng so sánh bậc nhất, áp dụng quy tắc sau: • Đối với tính từ và phó từ ngắn: thêm đuôi -est. • Đối với tính từ và phó từ dài: dùng most hoặc least. • Trước tính từ hoặc phó từ so sánh phải có the. • Dùng giới từ in với danh từ số ít đếm được. • Dùng giới từ of với danh từ số nhiều đếm được. adjective/ adverb + est in + singular countable noun S + V + the most + adjective / adverb + least + adjective / adverb of + plural countable noun
7. John is the tallest boy in the family. Deana is the shortest of the three sisters. These shoes are the least expensive of all. Of the three shirts, this one is the prettiest. Sau cụm từ One of the + so sánh bậc nhất + noun phải đảm bảo chắc chắn rằng noun phải là số nhiều, và động từ phải chia ở số ít. One of the greatest tennis players in the world is Johnson. Kuwait is one of the biggest oil producers in the world. Các phó từ thường không có các hậu tố -er hoặc –est. Chúng được chuyển sang dạng so sánh tương đối bằng cách thêm more hoặc less; sang dạng so sánh tuyệt đối bằng cách thêm most hoặc least phía trước chúng. Sal drove more cautiously than Bob. Joe dances more gracefully than his partner. That child behaves most carelessly of all. Một số các tính từ hoặc phó từ mang tính tuyệt đối thì không được dùng so sánh bậc nhất, hạn chế dùng so sánh hơn kém, nếu buộc phải dùng thì bỏ more, chúng gồm: unique/ extreme/ perfect/ supreme/ top/ absolute/prime/ primary His drawings are perfect than mine. II. PRACTICE 1. I’m 40 years old. Jane is 30 years old. => I ........................................................................................................................................................... 2. Peter always gets mark 10 and Mary only gets mark 5 at Maths. => Peter..................................................................................................................................................... 3. The colour TV is more expensive than the black and white TV. => The black ............................................................................................................................................. 4. My mother doesn’t speak English as well as my father. => My father ............................................................................................................................................ 5. Your house is larger than mine. => My house ............................................................................................................................................ 6. Nam can run farther than I can. => I ........................................................................................................................................................... 7. Mr Binh drives more carefully than he used to. => Mr Binh ...............................................................................................................................................
8. 8. Lan is a better typist than Hoa. =>Hoa ....................................................................................................................................................... 9. Apples are usually cheaper than oranges. => Apples ................................................................................................................................................. 10. I haven’t got as much money as you. => You ..................................................................................................................................................... 11. Hung is the tallest boy in our class. => Nobody ............................................................................................................................................... 12. Have you got a cheaper bike than this? => Is this ................................................................................................................................................... 13. No restaurant in the city is better than this one. => This restaurant .................................................................................................................................... 14. He is the worst guitarist in the world. => Noone .................................................................................................................................................. 15. She knows more about it than I do. => I ............................................................................................................................................................ . III. CÁC CÂU HỎI TRẮC NGHIỆM THEO CHUYÊN ĐỀ 1. Circle the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions. 1. Bill Gates is one of ________ people in the world. A. the rich B. richer C. rich D. the richest 2. I am ________ at music than my old sister. A. good B. better C. goodest D. the best 3. Rita is ________ than the other students in class. A. hardworking B. the most hardworking C. more hardworking D. hardworkinger 4. Ice hockey is ________ sport in Canada. A. popular B. the most popular C. more popular D. populariest 5. Garfield is ________ than Nemo. A. the funniest B. more fun C. funnier D. funny 6. That is ________ song this band has. A. the most beautiful B. more beautiful
9. C. beautifulest D. beautiful 7. The China Wall is ________ wall in the world. A. the longest B. more long C. longer D. long 8. Cities are ________ than villages A. busier B. busy C. the busiest D. most busy 9. February is ________ than April. A. short B. the shortest C. shorter D. most short 10.Amalia is ________ girl in the class. A. the cleverest B. clever C. cleverer D. more clever 11.German is ________ than English. A. the most B. difficult difficulter C. difficult D. more difficult 12.Swimming is ________ than running. A. exciting B. more exciting C. excited D. the most exciting 13.Your new car is _______ than my old one. A. the cheapest B. cheaper C. more cheaper D. most cheapest 14.Travelling by plane is________ than traveling by ship. A. fastest B. fast C. faster D. more fastest 15.New York is ________ city in USA. A. crowded B. the most crowded C. more crowded D. crowder 16. Of the four dresses, which is _______expensive? A. the best B. the most C. the more D. the greater 17. The larger the apartment, the_______ the rent. A. expensive B. more expensive C. expensively D. most expensive 18. The faster we walk,_______ we will get there. A. the soonest B. the soon C. the more soon D. the sooner 19. “ Why did you buy these oranges? ” “They were _______ I could find. ” A. cheapest B. cheapest ones C. the cheapest ones D. the most cheapest 20. She plays the piano _______ as she sings. A. as beautifully B. more beautifully C. as beautiful D. the most beautifully 21: Nam is 5 years ______ than Hoa. A. old B. older C. elder D. eldest 22: Mary is the______ student in my class. A. tallest B. taller C. tall D. as tall as 23: Peter wanted to win the race. He ran ______.
10. A. so fast as he can B. fast as he could C. fast as he can D. as fast as he could 24: Jim is five centimeters _____ than Tom. A. tall B. tallest C. higher D. taller 25: She speaks Chinese as ________ as I do. A. well B. good C. very good D. better 26: Lucy answered the questions ______ than Sarah. A. more intelligent B. most intelligent C. more intelligently D. intelligent 27: One of the ____ diseases mankind has ever faced is cancer. A. worse B. better C. worst D. best 28: Nancy plays the piano _____ beautifully than I do. A. most B. as C. more D. quite 29: It is ______ to talk about a problem than to solve it. A. more easier B. easiest C. easier D. easy 30: The situation continues to get worse and ______. A. worst B. bad C. worse D. badly 31: You have got a scholarship; you are luckier______. A. as I do B. than I am C. than I have D. than I do 32: The longer hours you work, ______. A. the less tired you'll be B. you'll be more tired C. the more tired you'll be D. the most tired you'll be 33: Nowadays, young people ______. A. don’t read as many as their parents used to B. don’t hardly read much as their parents did C. do more reading as their parents used to D. don’t read as much as their parents used to 34: The more you talk about the situation, ______. A. it seems the worse B. the worse it seems C. it seems worse D. the worse does it seem 35: “Could you talk ______? I'm learning my lessons.” A. more quietly B. as quietly C. most quietly D. so quietly 36: John said that no other car could go ______. A. fastest than his car B. faster like his car C. so fast like his car D. as fast as his car 37: The more you study, ______.
11. A. you will gain more knowledge B. the more knowledge do you gain C. you are the more knowledgeable D. the more knowledge you gain 38: John works much ______ than we do. A. more hardly B. harder C. hardest D. hard 39: The longer he waited, ______ impatient he got. A. the better B. better C. the more D. more 40: The harder you try, ______ you get. A. the best B. good C. the better D. better 41. The better the weather is, . A. the most crowded the beaches getB. the most the beaches get crowded C. the more crowded the beaches getD. the more the beaches get crowded 42. The more you practise speaking English, . (THPT QG 2017) A. the more fluently you can speak itB. the more fluent you can speak it C. the more you can speak it fluentD. the more you can speak it fluently 43. The larger the area of forest is destroyed, . (THPT QG 2017) A. the most frequent natural disasters are B. the most frequently natural disasters occur C. the more frequent are natural disasters D. the more frequently natural disasters occur 44. The higher the cost of living is, . (THPT QG 2017) A. the life of the immigrants becomes the harder B. the hardest the life of the immigrants becomes C. the harder does the life of the immigrants become D. the harder the life of the immigrants becomes 2. Circle the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the underlined part that needs correction in each of the following questions. 1. Richard feels good than several days ago. A B C D 2. Mary and Daisy are both intelligent students. Mary is so intelligent as Daisy. A B C D 4. The Caspian Sea, a salt lake, is the largest than any other lakes in the world. A B C D 5. He drives the car more dangerous than his brother does. A B C D
12. 6. It was the most biggest building that I had ever seen. A B C D 7. I wish my house were so large as Jone’s. A B C D 8. The Mekong is one of the longer rivers in the world. A B C D 9. She can play the piano more good than her sister. A B C D 10. Many people believe that New York is the most great city in America A B C D 11. His drawings are as perfectly as his instructor’s drawings . A B C D 12. The salary of a professor is high than that of a secretary A B C D 13. The duties of a policeman are dangerous than those of a teacher. A B C D 14. John’s car runs good than Mary’s. A B C D 15. The climate in Florida is as milder as California. A B C D 16. Classes in the university are most difficult than those in the college. A B C D 17. The basketball games at the university are well than those of high school. A B C D 18. I feel more better today than I did last week. A B C D 19. This encyclopedia costs three times as more as the other one. A B C D 20. He visits his family less frequent than she does. A B C D 21. Jessica is only an amateur, but she sings well than most professionals A B C D 22. This house is more spacious as that white house I bought in Rapid City, South Dakota last year.
13. A B C D 23. They asked a lot of questions, checked their figures, and came up with best solution. A B C D 24. Almost everyone has heard the more famous Olympic saying: “Stronger, Higher, Faster.” A B C D 25. Louise is the more capable of the three girls who have tried out for the part in the play. A B C D 26. This telephone isn’t as cheap the other one, but it works much better. A B C D 27. Stories are the most good way of teaching moral lessons to young people. A B C D 28. The first skill to learn is how to write only the more important words, not whole sentences. A B C D 29. It is certainly true that the average woman has weaker muscles that the average man. A B C D 30. In 1925, he joined the advertising department of Doubleday Page and A B Company, one of the most large publishing houses in New York. C D 3. Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions. 1. They understand more than we do. A. We don’t understand as much as they do. ...........B. We don’t understand anything at all. C. They understand everything inside out D. They are very intelligent. 2. It is much more difficult to speak English than to speak French. A. To speak French is more difficult than to speak English. B. To speak English is more difficult than to speak French. C. Speaking English is more difficult than to speak French. D. Speaking French is not as difficult as to speaking English. 3. My interview lasted longer than yours. A. Your interview wasn’t as short as mine. .................B. Your interview was shorter than mine. C. Your interview was as long as mine..............................D. Your interview was longer than mine. 4. When I was younger, I used to go climbing more than I do now.
14. A. Now I don’t go climbing anymore. B. I used to go climbing when I younger. C. Now I don’t go climbing as much as I did. D. I don’t like going climbing any more. 5. Your coffee is not as good as mine. A. Mine is better than yours. B. My coffee is better than your. C. My coffee is better than yours. D. My coffee is more good than yours. 6. I can't cook as well as my mother does. A. My mother can cook better than I can. B. My mother can't cook better than I can. C. My mother can cook well than I can. D. I can cook better than my mother can. 7. Murder is the most serious of all crimes. A. Murder is very serious. B. No crime is more serious than murder. C. Everyone is very afraid of murder. D. Murder is the dangerous crime. 8. No one in this class is as tall as Richard. A. Richard is the tallest in this class. B. Richard is taller than in this class. C. Richard is the most tall in this class. D. Richard is more tall than in this class. 9. This is the best music I have ever heard. A. I’ve never heard better music than this. B. I’ve never heard such a good music as this. C. I’ve never heard so good music as this. D. This is the first time I’ve heard this good music.